# SNUBmonkey | Linux & Security
> Practical Linux tutorials, Docker, networking, VPNs, Bash, and system administration. Real-world, tested guides with clear, step-by-step instructions.
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Append `.md` to any post or page URL to get the content in Markdown (for example, `/example-post.md`).

## Pages
- [WHAT IS LINUX](https://snubmonkey.com/about_linux.md) - LINUX? Linux is a powerful, open-source operating system used globally across a wide range of systems—including servers, desktops, smartphones (like Android), embedded devices, and cloud infrastructure. While it shares foundational similarities with Unix (another commercial OS), Linux distinguishes…
- [Article Index](https://snubmonkey.com/articles.md)
- [NOTICE TO CALIFORNIA CONSUMERS](https://snubmonkey.com/ccpa.md) - Effective Date: January 1, 2020 Thank you for using SNUBmonkey! Pursuant to the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), California consumers have the following rights: * The right to request that we disclose what personal information (as that term is defined in the CCPA) we collect, use, disclose,…
- [Contact](https://snubmonkey.com/contact.md) - Welcome to SNUBmonkey.com! We value your feedback, questions, and suggestions. If you have any inquiries or would like to get in touch, please don't hesitate to reach out. Snubmonkey™ is a self-funded, independent blog that generates revenue solely from our own efforts, without relying on external…
- [Hacking Tutorials Disclaimer](https://snubmonkey.com/hacking-tutorials-disclaimer.md) - Instead of hacking Harvard why not hacking yourself.
- [OUR STORY](https://snubmonkey.com/our_story.md) - About SNUBmonkey™ 1. Company Profile and Brand SNUBmonkey™ is a hands-on Linux education platform built for sysadmins, tinkerers, and technical professionals who value practical, tested solutions over theoretical fluff. Our focus is on delivering real-world tutorials across server management, Linux…
- [Privacy](https://snubmonkey.com/privacy.md) - Last updated February 03, 2025 Thank you for using SNUBmonkey™ SNUBmonkey™ is a self-funded platform, wholly independent, that generates revenue solely from our own efforts, without relying on external sources or selling user data. Our mission is to help people learn Linux in new ways, discover ins…
- [Translation Disclaimer](https://snubmonkey.com/translation-disclaimer.md) - Last updated Dec 10, 2023 Thank you for using SNUBmonkey! What Is Google Translate? Google Translate is a third-party service provided by Google that performs all translations directly and dynamically. By detecting patterns in documents that have already been translated by human translators, Google…

## Posts
- [Stop Scrolling: Use grep + nano to Jump Straight to the Problem.](https://snubmonkey.com/stop-scrolling-use-grep-nano-to-jump-straight-to-the-problem.md) - Linux Text Navigation Workflow: grep + nano for fast, precise editing. Search recursively with grep -R, pinpoint exact lines with grep -n, then jump directly to them with nano +N. Ideal for configs, logs, CMS themes, and production debugging.
- [Docker Explained: Why Modern Infrastructure Runs on Containers.](https://snubmonkey.com/docker-explained-why-modern-infrastructure-runs-on-containers.md) - Docker is a containerization platform that packages applications with all theirs dependencies into lightweight, portable units called containers. It ensures consistent execution across environments—from local machines to production servers.
- [VPN Best Practice: Always Use a Domain Name.](https://snubmonkey.com/vpn-best-practice-always-use-a-domain-name.md) - Using a domain name for your VPN endpoint (WireGuard, OpenVPN, or IPsec) instead of a public IP boosts reliability. DNS ensures clients survive IP changes, eases migrations, supports IPv6, and simplifies management.
- [Stream Video Between Two Computers Using FFmpeg (Linux & macOS).](https://snubmonkey.com/stream-video-between-two-computers-using-ffmpeg-linux-macos.md) - Stream video across your network in real time with FFmpeg and FFplay. This guide covers point-to-point streaming over UDP, TCP, or SSH for Linux and macOS without media servers. Note: The receiver requires an active graphical display (X11/Wayland). For full options, run ffmpeg -h.
- [Hashing, Salting, and Password Storage on Linux.](https://snubmonkey.com/how-password-hashing-works-on-linux.md) - Every time you check your email, connect to a server through SSH, access your banking application, or make an online purchase, you are asked to prove your identity with a password. That small string of characters is often the first barrier protecting your digital identity.
- [Installing spotDL on macOS.](https://snubmonkey.com/installing-spotdl-on-macos.md) - Install spotDL on macOS using pipx, fix YouTube Music lookup errors, and understand why Spotify downloads sometimes fail. Learn setup, troubleshooting, and reliable workflows for converting Spotify links into local audio files.
- [Sandboxing vs Docker: Understanding Modern Isolation Models.](https://snubmonkey.com/sandboxing-vs-docker-understanding-modern-isolation-models.md) - Sandboxing and Docker both isolate workloads, but they do it in fundamentally different ways. Sandboxing enforces strict OS-level security boundaries, while Docker relies on shared-kernel isolation using Linux primitives like namespaces and cgroups. That difference defines their security model.
- [Using the caffeinate Command to Prevent macOS Sleep.](https://snubmonkey.com/using-the-caffeinate-command-to-prevent-macos-sleep.md) - caffeinate is a macOS command-line utility that prevents the system from sleeping by creating activity assertions. It keeps the Mac awake during tasks, automation, or remote operations, ensuring processes continue uninterrupted even when the system would normally idle into sleep.
- [rsync Guide — Beginner vs Advanced Usage.](https://snubmonkey.com/rsync-guide-beginner-vs-advanced-usage.md) - rsync doesn’t just copy files — it synchronizes state. It transfers only what changed, resumes interrupted jobs safely, and avoids duplicates by design. Rerun the same command and it continues exactly where it stopped, converging both sides efficiently.
- [Jump Servers (Bastion Host)](https://snubmonkey.com/jump-servers-bastion-host.md) - A jump server, or bastion host, is a hardened gateway for accessing internal systems. Rather than connecting directly, you first log into this secure host and then “jump” to other machines. This setup enhances security, centralizes access control, and allows detailed session logging.
- [Advanced Linux Mount Management with systemd.](https://snubmonkey.com/advanced-linux-mount-management-with-systemd.md) - Learn how to structure Linux storage with systemd mount units and bind mounts. Understand physical vs logical mounts, improve backup automation, and build a clean storage layout using /mnt/ssd_1T and /mnt/backups.
- [Controlled Countdown with Bash `for` Loop.](https://snubmonkey.com/controlled-countdown-with-bash-for-loop.md) - A simple Bash loop can turn a disruptive command into a controlled sequence. Using a for loop, you can implement a visible countdown that informs users and adds operational clarity before executing actions such as a system restart.
- [Install & Use Glances on Ubuntu Server via GitHub (pipx) with FastAPI Web UI & systemd Service.](https://snubmonkey.com/install-and-use-glances-to-monitor-ubuntu-server.md) - Familiar with top and htop? If you want a more powerful, flexible, and user-friendly system monitor, Glances is a strong upgrade—offering deeper insights with minimal overhead. 🚀
- [`sudo touch /forcefsck` (Ubuntu Server)](https://snubmonkey.com/sudo-touch-forcefsck-ubuntu-server.md) - Need to force a filesystem check on your Linux server at boot? Use `sudo touch /forcefsck` to trigger fsck on the root partition—even if it seems clean. Perfect for Ubuntu Server with ext filesystems after crashes or power loss.
- [SSH Port Forwarding ⤳ aka SSH Tunneling —Local Port Forwarding. (part 1)](https://snubmonkey.com/ssh-port-forwarding-aka-ssh-tunneling-local-port-forwarding-part-1.md) - SSH port forwarding (SSH Tunneling) is a method for safely transmitting data over an encrypted SSH; tunneling application ports from a connection between a local and distant server or vice versa.
- [Ansible for the Modern Sysadmin: Installation, Configuration,Vaults and Automation.](https://snubmonkey.com/ansible-for-the-modern-sysadmin-installation-configuration-vaults-and-automation.md) - Ansible is a powerful automation and orchestration tool that lets you manage servers consistently and securely over SSH. This guide explains what Ansible is, why it matters, and how to structure a clean, real-world Ansible project.
- [Reverse Shell with Netcat.](https://snubmonkey.com/reverse-shell-with-netcat.md) - Learn how ethical hackers use Netcat to create reverse shells for testing security vulnerabilities. Understand how these attacks work, the risks they pose, and the defensive measures needed to mitigate them. Stay ahead in cybersecurity by mastering ethical hacking techniques.
- [SNUB Podcast —SUDOEDIT.](https://snubmonkey.com/snub-podcast-sudoedit.md) - Welcome to the SNUB Podcast — an exciting way to deepen your Linux knowledge and skills! Each episode dives into key concepts, practical tips, and the latest trends in Linux.
- [Oh My Zsh: The Ultimate Shell Upgrade for Power Users.](https://snubmonkey.com/oh-my-zsh-the-ultimate-shell-upgrade-for-power-users.md) - Oh My Zsh adds power and polish to your terminal. With auto-suggestions, plugins, and themes, it simplifies workflows, speeds up commands, and helps developers and sysadmins work smarter, not harder.
- [set -euo pipefail](https://snubmonkey.com/set-euo-pipefail.md) - set -euo pipefail in Bash ensures scripts fail fast on errors (-e), treat unset variables as errors (-u), and propagate failures through pipelines (pipefail). It’s a best practice for writing safe, predictable, and robust Bash scripts.
- [Always Mount Drives Reliably with UUIDs or Labels.](https://snubmonkey.com/always-mount-drives-reliably-with-uuids-or-labels.md) - Avoid relying on /dev/sdX. Use UUID or LABEL in /etc/fstab for stable mounts. Label drives, test mounts, and your drives will remain consistently accessible, preventing broken scripts and automount issues.
- [Docker 101: What the Fuzz Is It, and Why You Should Care!?](https://snubmonkey.com/docker-101-what-the-fuzz-is-it-and-why-you-should-care.md) - So you’ve heard about Docker—maybe your friend's talking about "containers," or you saw a tutorial with commands like docker run hello-world. But what the heck is it, and why is everyone so obsessed with it? Let’s break it down in plain language.
- [Kernel-Level USB Security with USBGuard.](https://snubmonkey.com/kernel-level-usb-security-with-usbguard.md) - USBGuard enforces USB device policies at the kernel level, blocking unknown devices by default. Experts can craft granular rules by vendor, serial, or device class, combine with audit/logging, and automate trusted device authorizations for secure, persistent access.
- [How to Count Your Ghost CMS Drafts with Node.js](https://snubmonkey.com/how-to-count-your-ghost-cms-drafts-with-node-js.md) - Track your Ghost drafts in seconds with Node.js and the Admin API. No more scrolling or manual counting.
- [Installing Command Line Tools on a Headless Mac.](https://snubmonkey.com/installing-command-line-tools-on-a-headless-mac.md) - Updating Xcode Command Line Tools on a headless Mac can be tricky — no GUI, no prompts, and no App Store. This guide walks you through mounting the DMG on a GUI Mac, extracting the .pkg, and installing it remotely via CLI.
- [GHOST CMS: Manually* backup and restore ⏤ Self-hosting.](https://snubmonkey.com/ghost-cms-manually-backup-and-restore-self-hosting.md) - Learn how to back up and restore Ghost CMS manually, including content, configuration, and database. A reliable process ensures your business is safe from crashes, updates gone wrong, or migration issues.
- [Beyond Permissions: 'o+rx' vs 'o+rX' in chmod.](https://snubmonkey.com/beyond-permissions-o-rx-vs-o-rx-in-chmod-2.md) - 'chmod' is key for managing access rights, but what's the difference between 'o+rx' and 'o+rX'¿ While both adjust permissions, they handle files and directories differently. Understanding this distinction is crucial for secure system management. Discover which command fits your needs.
- [Disable Root Login on Linux (Ubuntu/Debian) — Right now!](https://snubmonkey.com/disable-root-login-on-linux-ubuntu-debian-right-now.md) - Disabling root login enhances Linux security by restricting direct access to the superuser account. It enforces use of sudo, providing safer, auditable privilege escalation. Learn what root login is, its purpose, risks, and how to disable it properly.
- [APT & Repositories on Debian/Ubuntu Server.](https://snubmonkey.com/apt-repositories-on-debian-ubuntu-server.md) - Understand how apt manages packages on Ubuntu Server. Learn about repo files, trusted sources, install scripts, and how .deb packages work in server environments.
- [What the Heck Is /var/lock and Why Should You Care?](https://snubmonkey.com/what-the-heck-is-var-lock-and-why-should-you-care.md) - In Linux, /var/lock stores lock files that prevent multiple processes from accessing the same resource simultaneously. Think of it as the system’s "Do Not Disturb" sign for shared resources—critical for maintaining stability in a multi-user, multi-process environment.
- [Never Re-Type a Command Again — Use (sudo !!)](https://snubmonkey.com/never-re-type-a-command-again-use-sudo.md) - Tired of retyping commands when you forget sudo? Use sudo !! to instantly rerun the last command with elevated privileges. It’s a simple bash trick that saves time, avoids frustration, and keeps your terminal workflow smooth. A must-know for every Linux user.
- [Using 'find' to Locate Large Files in Linux.](https://snubmonkey.com/using-find-to-locate-large-files-in-linux.md) - In Linux, the 'find' command helps locate large files that may be consuming disk space. It's useful for admins or users needing to identify files of a specific size or larger, especially when cleaning up a system or managing disk usage.
- [SNUB Podcast —Self-Destructing —Bash Scripts.](https://snubmonkey.com/snub-podcast-self-destructing-bash-scripts.md) - Welcome to the SNUB Podcast — an exciting way to deepen your Linux knowledge and skills! Each episode dives into key concepts, practical tips, and the latest trends in Linux.
- [DNS Leaks & IPv6: The Silent Privacy Killer You Didn't See Coming.](https://snubmonkey.com/dns-leaks-ipv6-the-silent-privacy-killer-you-didnt-see-coming.md) - DNS leaks silently expose your browsing, even when using Pi-hole or a VPN. IPv6 makes it worse by bypassing your DNS filters. Learn how to fully block IPv6 DNS leaks at the router, system, and firewall level to ensure your privacy stays airtight.
- [Ghost CLI Backups Broken? Blame 2FA — and Here’s the Workaround.](https://snubmonkey.com/ghost-cli-backups-broken-blame-2fa-and-heres-the-workaround.md) - ⚠️ Worth mentioning: We at SNUBmonkey™ was the first to report this issue to the Ghost community —all the way back on April 19, 2025. Well, here's the ugly truth: the ghost backup CLI command —yes, the one we've relied on for ages —is now dead in the water. We're stuck with a broken backup system a…
- [SNUB Podcast —Is 256-bit SSL Encryption any Safe?](https://snubmonkey.com/snub-podcast-is-256-bit-ssl-encryption-any-safe.md) - Welcome to the SNUB Podcast — an exciting way to deepen your Linux knowledge and skills! Each episode dives into key concepts, practical tips, and the latest trends in Linux.
- [Fixing `/etc/hosts` Being Overwritten on Reboot (Ubuntu with Cloud-Init)](https://snubmonkey.com/fixing-etc-hosts-being-overwritten-on-reboot-ubuntu-with-cloud-init.md) - What Happened? Have you ever edited /etc/hosts only to find your changes mysteriously gone after a reboot? We sure did — it actually happened to us here at SNUBmonkey. Turns out, this annoying quirk often affects cloud-based Ubuntu systems (and sometimes local installs) that use Cloud-Init, especia…
- [How to Grep for Multiple Strings, Patterns, or Words Like a Pro.](https://snubmonkey.com/how-to-grep-for-multiple-strings-patterns-or-words-like-a-pro.md) - Want to search for more than one word using grep like a Linux ninja? Learn how to grep multiple strings or patterns in one go — whether it’s plain text, regex magic, or case-insensitive matching. Perfect for sysadmins, devs, and curious tinkerers alike!
- [Adjusting Pi-hole v6 Session Timeout and MAXSESSIONS Setting.](https://snubmonkey.com/adjusting-pi-hole-v6-session-timeout-and-maxsessions-setting.md) - This is the Fourteenth in a series of posts, featuring Protips, tips, tricks, hacks, and secrets provided by Our Team 🙊 — We want to share our top tips for the growing and thriving Linux community out there. Because sometimes you need a little help...
- [Self-Destructing —Bash Scripts: Run & Vanish.](https://snubmonkey.com/self-destructing-bash-scripts-run-vanish.md) - This is the Thirteenth in a series of posts, featuring Protips, tips, tricks, hacks, and secrets provided by Our Team 🙊 — We want to share our top tips for the growing and thriving Linux community out there. Because sometimes you need a little help...
- [SNUB Podcast —How Reverse Proxies Hide Backend Servers.](https://snubmonkey.com/snub-podcast-how-reverse-proxies-hide-backend-servers.md) - Welcome to the SNUB Podcast — an exciting way to deepen your Linux knowledge and skills! Each episode dives into key concepts, practical tips, and the latest trends in Linux.
- [Forward Proxy VS Reverse Proxy.](https://snubmonkey.com/forward-proxy-vs-reverse-proxy.md) - The position of a proxy — is what makes a proxy either a forward or reverse proxy. The easiest way to remember the difference between these two proxy is - Forward proxy is used by clients where as Reverse proxy is used by servers. Let us jump into it.
- [Mastering DNS Privacy: Pi-hole + Unbound. (part 1)](https://snubmonkey.com/mastering-dns-privacy-pi-hole-with-unbound.md) - Pi-hole is a powerful network-wide ad blocker that also functions as a DNS sinkhole. It blocks unwanted content, enhances privacy, and speeds up your browsing experience by preventing ads, trackers, and malicious domains from even loading.
- [Mastering DNS Privacy: Pi-hole + Unbound. (Part 2)](https://snubmonkey.com/mastering-dns-privacy-pi-hole-unbound-part-2-final-2.md) - Pi-hole is a powerful network-wide ad blocker that also functions as a DNS sinkhole. It blocks unwanted content, enhances privacy, and speeds up your browsing experience by preventing ads, trackers, and malicious domains from even loading.
- [Mastering DNS Privacy: Pi-hole + Unbound + OpenVPN. (Part 3 – Final)](https://snubmonkey.com/mastering-dns-privacy-pi-hole-unbound-openvpn-part-3-final.md) - Pi-hole is a powerful network-wide ad blocker that also functions as a DNS sinkhole. It blocks unwanted content, enhances privacy, and speeds up your browsing experience by preventing ads, trackers, and malicious domains from even loading.
- [SNUB Podcast —Linux Kernel.](https://snubmonkey.com/snub-podcast-linux-kernel.md) - Welcome to the SNUB Podcast — an exciting way to deepen your Linux knowledge and skills! Each episode dives into key concepts, practical tips, and the latest trends in Linux.
- [No More Manual Copying with the find command.](https://snubmonkey.com/no-more-manual-copying.md) - Simplify file transfers with the power of find, cp, and rsync. This efficient approach automates data backups, ensuring seamless and secure transfers to a local or remote server—eliminating the need for manual effort. 🚀
- [Learn to use '-mtime' in 'find' CMD like a Pro.](https://snubmonkey.com/learn-to-use-mtime-in-find-cmd-like-a-pro.md) - The -mtime option in the find command is a powerful tool in Linux for locating files based on their modification time. It helps users identify files modified a specific number of days ago, making it easier to clean up old logs or archive files.
- [SNUB Podcast —User authentication process.](https://snubmonkey.com/snub-podcast-user-authentication-process.md) - Welcome to the SNUB Podcast — an exciting way to deepen your Linux knowledge and skills! Each episode dives into key concepts, practical tips, and the latest trends in Linux.
- [/var/run/reboot-required.](https://snubmonkey.com/var-run-reboot-required.md) - In Linux, key components like the kernel and libraries (e.g., glibc) remain active in memory during operation. After updates, rebooting is essential to ensure processes use the latest versions. Without a reboot, outdated components can cause instability, security risks, and performance issues.
- [SNUB Podcast —Block websites on Local.](https://snubmonkey.com/snub-podcast-block-websites-on-local.md) - Welcome to the SNUB Podcast — an exciting way to deepen your Linux knowledge and skills! Each episode dives into key concepts, practical tips, and the latest trends in Linux.
- ['ls': Navigating Linux with Precision.](https://snubmonkey.com/ls-navigating-linux-with-precision.md) - In the vast landscape of Unix-like operating systems, navigating through directories and managing files efficiently is a fundamental task for both users and administrators. At the core of this file management process is a simple yet powerful command: the ls command.
- [/etc/skel directory.](https://snubmonkey.com/etc-skel-directory.md) - The name "skel" is derived from "skeleton," as it holds the fundamental structure of a user's home directory. This directory provides the essential files and configurations required for every new user, much like a skeletal framework provides a basic structure for an organism. 🎧 The /etc/skel direc…
- [/boot directory.](https://snubmonkey.com/boot-directory.md) - This is a series of posts focusing on the Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), which defines the structure and directory layout of Unix-like operating systems, including Linux.
- [`w` vs`who` commands.](https://snubmonkey.com/w-vs-who-commands.md) - In Unix-like operating systems, the w and the who are command-line utilities used to display information about users currently logged into the system. While they achieve similar objectives, their level of detail and information varies. 🎧 Here's a breakdown of the differences between the two: w Com…
- [How to List Only Hidden Files in Linux.](https://snubmonkey.com/how-to-list-only-hidden-files-in-linux.md) - In Linux, hidden files are files or directories whose names start with a dot (.). These files are often used for configuration or settings purposes, such as .zshrc, .gitconfig, .profile, .ssh, and more. By hiding these files, the system reduces the chance that a user might accidentally delete or al…
- [grep --color](https://snubmonkey.com/the-grep-color.md) - The grep --color command is used to highlight the matching parts of the text that the grep command finds. This makes it easier to visually identify the search results. 🎧 Here's the overview: $ grep -i --color 'failed' /var/log/auth.log This command searches for the word 'failed' in /var/log/auth.l…
- [SUDOEDIT.](https://snubmonkey.com/sudoedit.md) - sudoedit is a command used in Linux and Unix systems that allows users to edit files as the superuser (root) while maintaining security by using their preferred text editor. It's similar to using sudo with a text editor (e.g., sudo nano or sudo vim), but with an important security advantage. 🎧 How…
- [/bin directory.](https://snubmonkey.com/bin-directory.md) - This is a series of posts focusing on the Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), which defines the structure and directory layout of Unix-like operating systems, including Linux.
- [Block websites on Local.](https://snubmonkey.com/block-websites-on-local.md) - Blocking access to specific websites can significantly improve system security and manage network traffic. Redirecting malicious or phishing sites helps protect against potential threats while preventing access to unwanted sites reduces network congestion and minimizes security risks.
- [How to change a username in Linux.](https://snubmonkey.com/how-to-change-a-username-in-linux.md) - Changing a username in Linux is straightforward but requires careful steps to ensure all related system files and processes are updated correctly. This post will walk you through the process to ensure everything functions smoothly after the change. Steps to Update a Username 1. Log in as Root (not…
- [How to mount/automount USB drive on Linux Systems.](https://snubmonkey.com/how-to-mount-usb-drive-in-a-linux-system.md) - Mounting and automounting USB drives are key for managing removable storage on Linux. Whether you want to manually mount a USB drive or set up automatic mounting, understanding these processes can boost productivity and streamline your workflow.
- [OpenVPN Configuration: #management localhost 7505.](https://snubmonkey.com/openvpn-configuration-management-localhost-7505-2.md) - This is the twelfth in a series of posts, featuring Protips, tips, tricks, hacks, and secrets provided by Our Team 🙊 — We want to share our top tips for the growing and thriving Linux community out there. Because sometimes you need a little help...
- [touch Command.](https://snubmonkey.com/touch-command.md) - The touch command is simple yet powerful. Its primary use is to create empty files and update the timestamps of existing files. Using touch with no option changes a file's access and modification times to the current time —and NO!!!, the touch command does not replace or overwrite the contents of a…
- [Difference: { } \; vs { } +](https://snubmonkey.com/difference-action.md) - The find command in Linux is a powerful tool used to search for files and directories within a specified directory hierarchy. It allows users to search based on various criteria such as name, type, size, modification time, and more. Once files or directories matching the search criteria are identif…
- [Delete all files except SNUB.*](https://snubmonkey.com/delete-all-files-except-snub.md) - Sometimes, you might find yourself in a funny situation where you need to delete or clean up all files in a directory, except those with a specific file name or type. Using commands or scripts with precise patterns and conditions can help you efficiently manage files while preserving the ones you n…
- [`cd -`](https://snubmonkey.com/cd-dash.md) - In Linux, the command cd - is used to switch to the previous directory you were in. It acts as a shortcut to quickly toggle between two directories. Here’s a breakdown of its usage: Use case: 1. Suppose you are in /home/user/docs and you change to /etc: $ cd /etc/ 2. To go back to /home/user/docs,…
- [Core aspects of Linux Server.](https://snubmonkey.com/core-aspects-of-linux.md) - The core aspects of Linux cover the fundamental principles, architecture, and essential components that define this powerful operating system.
- [/root directory.](https://snubmonkey.com/root-directory.md) - This is a series of posts focusing on the Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), which defines the structure and directory layout of Unix-like operating systems, including Linux.
- [How to Rename a Service Name for a Port Number.](https://snubmonkey.com/how-to-rename-a-service-name-for-a-port-number.md) - In Linux, the /etc/services file plays a crucial role in mapping port numbers to service names. This mapping allows administrators and users to refer to network services by name rather than by port number, enhancing the readability and manageability of network configurations.
- [The Five (5) Most Used Commands on Unix-like Systems.](https://snubmonkey.com/the-five-5-most-used-commands-on-unix-like-systems.md) - Unix-like operating systems offer a wide range of commands for various tasks. Some commands are fundamental for performing everyday tasks efficiently. These commands are essential for navigating the file system, managing files, or obtaining system information. 🎧 Here are the top five (5) most comm…
- [OpenVPN Configuration: #Allows Clients to Access Resources via a private IP.](https://snubmonkey.com/openvpn-configuration-allows-clients-to-access-resources-via-a-private-ip.md) - This is the eleventh in a series of posts, featuring Protips, tips, tricks, hacks, and secrets provided by Our Team 🙊 — We want to share our top tips for the growing and thriving Linux community out there. Because sometimes you need a little help...
- [HTTPS: Keeping your Online Communication Safe.](https://snubmonkey.com/https-keeping-your-online-communication-safe.md) - HTTPS, an acronym for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure, is the encrypted form of HTTP. It ensures secure communication over the internet or within a network. This encryption is achieved through protocols like Transport Layer Security (TLS) or its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).
- [SOURCE ~/.zshrc](https://snubmonkey.com/source-zshrc.md) - This is the tenth in a series of posts, featuring Protips, tips, tricks, hacks, and secrets provided by Our Team 🙊 — We want to share our top tips for the growing and thriving Linux community out there. Because sometimes you need a little help...
- [GeoPin: Small Script --Unveiling the World Behind Every IP Address.](https://snubmonkey.com/geopin-unveiling-the-world-behind-every-ip-addres.md) - "GeoPin" short for "Geographical Pin," is a tool or system used for pinpointing or identifying geographical locations. This could involve geolocation services, mapping functionalities, or similar features aimed at visualizing the locations linked to IP addresses.
- [OpenVPN Configuration: #Server's VPN Subnet.](https://snubmonkey.com/openvpn-configuration-servers-vpn-subnet.md) - This is the ninth in a series of posts, featuring Protips, tips, tricks, hacks, and secrets provided by Our Team 🙊 — We want to share our top tips for the growing and thriving Linux community out there. Because sometimes you need a little help...
- [OpenVPN Configuration: #Redirecting Client Traffic via VPN Gateway for Enhanced Security.](https://snubmonkey.com/openvpn-configuration-redirecting-client-traffic-via-vpn-gateway-for-enhanced-security.md) - This is the eighth in a series of posts, featuring Protips, tips, tricks, hacks, and secrets provided by Our Team 🙊 — We want to share our top tips for the growing and thriving Linux community out there. Because sometimes you need a little help...
- [Using Wireshark to Sniff and Capture Credentials in an Unsecured HTTP protocol.](https://snubmonkey.com/sniffing-capturingcredentials-or-password-capturing-in-wireshark.md) - Wireshark needs no introduction... It's one of the most popular network protocol analyzers to date. It's a powerful network protocol analyzer used by network administrators, security professionals, and developers for network troubleshooting, analysis, software development, education, and more.
- [Using apt-get || apt command.](https://snubmonkey.com/using-apt-get-commands.md) - This guide outlines the capabilities of apt-get or apt commands in Linux, explaining how to utilize them for tasks such as discovering new packages, installing and upgrading them, and maintaining system cleanliness.
- [Mosh Server as an SSH Alternative.](https://snubmonkey.com/mosh-server-as-ssh-alternative.md) - Indeed, even with a robust internet connection, SSH can sometimes prove unreliable. This is due to the fact that even brief interruptions in the connection between the client and server can lead to complete stalls, forcing you to terminate and re-establish the connection.
- [GHOST CMS: backup and restore ⏤ Self-hosting.](https://snubmonkey.com/ghost-cms-how-to-restore-an-old-revision-of-a-ghost.md) - We’ve talked a lot about security… but one of the most overlooked aspects of running a website is having a backup. You must take all necessary precautions to ensure that your website is regularly and safely backed up.
- [How To Fix Apache Configuration Error AH00558: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name.](https://snubmonkey.com/how-to-fix-apache-configuration-error-ah00558-could-not-reliably-determine-the-servers-fully-qualified-domain-name.md) - This is the seventeenth in a series of posts, featuring Protips, tips, tricks, hacks, and secrets provided by Our Team 🙊 — We want to share our top tips for the growing and thriving Linux community out there. Because sometimes you need a little help...
- [ab - Apache server performance testing tool.](https://snubmonkey.com/ab-apache-server-performance-testing-tool.md) - This is the sixteenth in a series of posts, featuring Protips, tips, tricks, hacks, and secrets provided by Our Team 🙊 — We want to share our top tips for the growing and thriving Linux community out there. Because sometimes you need a little help...
- [How to automatically Backup Your Files to a Remote Server with Rsync.](https://snubmonkey.com/how-to-automatically-backup-your-files-to-a-remote-server-with-rsync.md) - The Rsync command on Unix-like operating systems synchronizes files from a source to a destination, either locally or remote network connection. Rsync is a file-copying program that is both quick and flexible.
- [[TryGhost/Ghost] ECONNREFUSED ::1:3306](https://snubmonkey.com/tryghost-ghost-econnrefused-127-0-0-1-3306.md) - This is the fifteenth in a series of posts as well as our 100th post; featuring Protips, tips, tricks, hacks, and secrets provided by Our Team 🙊 — We want to share our top tips for the growing and thriving Linux community out there. Because sometimes you need a little help...
- [Error - Could not bind TCP port 80 because it is already in use by another process on this system (such as a web server)](https://snubmonkey.com/error-could-not-bind-tcp-port-80.md) - This is the fourteenth in a series of posts featuring Protips, tips, tricks, hacks, and secrets provided by Our Team 🙊 — We want to share our top tips for the growing and thriving Linux community out there. Because sometimes you need a little help...
- [Connecting to Wi-Fi through CLI on macOS.](https://snubmonkey.com/connecting-to-wifi-trou-terminal-macos.md)
- [How to Disable motd-news. (Ubuntu)](https://snubmonkey.com/motd.md) - MOTD is the abbreviation of "Message Of The Day", and it is used to display messages when a remote user logs in to the Linux Operating system using SSH. According to /etc/update-motd.d/50-motd-news file the system sends a request to your Ubuntu server containing information about the release versio…
- [Add Multiple IP Addresses into One Single Network Interface. (Server)](https://snubmonkey.com/how-to-add-multiple-ip-addresses-into-one-single-network-interface.md) - Adding an additional; secondary or third IP is a thing to think of when you are a Linux system administrator. Some of you may be curious as to why we would allocate numerous IP addresses to a single network card...
- [How to Set up Gmail SMTP Server on  Ghost CMS.](https://snubmonkey.com/how-to-set-up-gmail-smtp-server-for-ghost.md) - Sending transactional emails from a self-hosted Ghost instance requires you to configure the mail manually. Transactional emails refer to emails containing password resets, member invitations, signup and login links.
- [Pseudo-tty with ssh -t](https://snubmonkey.com/ssh-t.md) - This is the twelfth in a series of posts featuring Protips, tips, tricks, hacks, and secrets provided by Our Team 🙊 — We want to share our top tips for the growing and thriving Linux community out there. Because sometimes you need a little help...
- [How to Completely Remove Snap on Ubuntu server.](https://snubmonkey.com/how-to-completely-remove-snap-on-ubuntu-server.md)
- [Issue: Logrotate Error because Parent Directory has Insecure Permissions.](https://snubmonkey.com/logrotate-error-because-parent-directory-has-insecure-permissions.md) - Log files are useful when you need to keep track of changes or errors on your server for tracking and troubleshooting purposes. However, if left unchecked, they can grow quite large, taking up lots of disk space and slowing down some processes.
- [Who is currently connecting to your VPN server?](https://snubmonkey.com/who-is-currently-connecting-to-your-vpn-server.md) - This is the eleventh in a series of posts featuring Protips, tips, tricks, hacks, and secrets provided by Our Team 🙊 — We want to share our top tips for the growing and thriving Linux community out there. Because sometimes you need a little help...
- [Throw Insults when a user type the wrong password.](https://snubmonkey.com/throw-insults-when-a-user-when-typing-wrong-password.md) - The SUDOERS file includes a fun hidden gem within the default sudo security policy: the “insults” feature. When enabled, this option causes sudo to throw humorous or sarcastic insults at users each time they enter an incorrect password. By default, this flag is turned off.
- [What are Zombie processes and how get rid of them?](https://snubmonkey.com/what-are-zombies-processes-and-how-get-ride-of-them.md) - You may have seen zombie processes shambling around your processes list. A Zombie process is called as such because it’s already dead. You know... ZOMBIE.
- [How to Clear Buff/Cache in Linux?](https://snubmonkey.com/how-to-clear-cache-in-linux.md) - RAM memory Cache is a type of memory that stores accessed data to speed up the performance of the system and provide a better and faster experience to the user.
- [Nmap:  the powerful Network Mapper.](https://snubmonkey.com/nmap-the-network-mapper.md) - Nmap (Network Mapper) is one of the if not the most famous free and open source scanning/ probing tools used by penetration testers and hackers for port scanning, network mapping, and, of course, vulnerability checks. Nmap is so popular, that it's been featured in the movie The Matrix. 😎
- [How to change the default text editor in Debian.](https://snubmonkey.com/how-to-change-the-default-text-editor-in-the-debian.md) - There is a never-ending argument among Linux users over which text editor is the best when it comes to text editors. Well, after your choice is personal; I've seen folks sticking to a single editor while others use 3 to 4 at the same time. It all depends on the task and the features it offers. Fort…
- [Systemctl daemon-reload.](https://snubmonkey.com/daemon-reload.md) - A unit in Systemd is a systemd object that performs or controls a particular task or action. Systemd uses units to start/stop/manage services, organize boot process, maintain tasks and processes, create sockets, mount file-system, and initialize hardware.
- [Run Multiple 'Cmds' at once in Linux.](https://snubmonkey.com/run-multiple-cmds-at-once-in-linux.md) - This is the tenth in a series of posts featuring Protips, tips, tricks, hacks, and secrets provided by Our Team 🙊 — We want to share our top tips for the growing and thriving Linux community out there. Because sometimes you need a little help...
- [Issue... Ubuntu netplan gateway4/6 has been deprecated!!!](https://snubmonkey.com/ubuntu-netplan-gateway4-6-has-been-deprecated.md) - Netplan is a utility for easily configuring networking on a linux system. You simply create a YAML description of the required network interfaces and what each should be configured to do. With the release of Ubuntu 22.04 (Jamie Jellyfish), NetPlan has changed !!! This option is not new. In fact, yo…
- [Systemd journal?](https://snubmonkey.com/journalctl.md) - When Systemd replaced traditional SysVinit scripts it introduced its own logging system called journal. Running based services such as syslog ,Rsyslog are no longer needed as all system events are written in the journal.
- [Query the systemd Journal?](https://snubmonkey.com/journalctl-may-be-used-to-query-the-contents-of-the-systemd-journal-as-written-by-systemd-journald-service.md) - journalctl is a utility for querying and displaying logs on systemd, kernel and journal on journald written by systemd-journald.service. See our previous post on Systemd journal. Working with journalctl command 1. All logs When run without any parameters, the following command will display all the…
- [How to change Sudo Session's Time Limit.](https://snubmonkey.com/how-to-change-the-time-limit-for-a-sudo-session.md) - The sudo command allows us to securely perform great administrative tasks. However, after some time running a command with sudo, will prompt for a password. Because of the 15 minutes grace period; your sudo session has by default. When the 15 minutes are out, you’ll be forced to reenter your passwo…
- [APT vs Snap: What the, what the hell ...](https://snubmonkey.com/apt-vs-snap-whats-the-what-the-hell.md) - In Linux, package managers are software tools that assist users in searching, downloading, installing, removing, and updating software packages on their system and can be accessed by either Command-Line or through a Graphical User Interface application. There is a variety of package managers to cho…
- [Mail Terminology.](https://snubmonkey.com/mail-terminology.md) - Client and server components There are different components involved in an email transmission from sender to recipient. MUA (Mail User Agent) Client application that allows receiving and sending emails. It can be a desktop application such as Microsoft Outlook/Thunderbird/… or web-based such as Gma…
- [How to install Fing on Ubuntu Debian Servers.](https://snubmonkey.com/how-to-install-fing-ubuntu-debian-servers.md) - The Fing Command Line Interface (Fing CLI) is a standalone program that provides a set of very handy network troubleshooting tools (NIC information, scan, ping, traceroute, and so on). Installation The software has been packed using Debian (DPKG) and Read Hat (RPM) package manager. Below is the Arc…
- [How to Remove/ Disable Zsh History' Commands on Linux.](https://snubmonkey.com/how-to-remove-disable-z-shell-command-history-on-linux.md) - This is the ninth in a series of posts featuring Protips, tips, tricks, hacks, and secrets provided by Our Team 🙊 — We want to share our top tips for the growing and thriving Linux community out there. Because sometimes you need a little help...
- [Using the SSH Client Config File ~/.ssh/config.](https://snubmonkey.com/using-the-ssh-config-file.md) - Imagine you have to regularly connect to +15 remote systems over SSH. That means to remember all of the remote IP addresses, different usernames, non-standard ports, what authentication keys to use, and various command-line. Quite a big waste of time. Fortunately, SSH allows you to generate a confi…
- [Issue : “Gmail Authentication failed. Please check your username/password” Error. Also known as the “Server response: 534-5.7.14 Error”](https://snubmonkey.com/how-to-fix-the-gmail-authentication-failed-please-check-your-username-password-error-also-known-as-the-server-response-534-5-7-14-error.md)
- [SSH Key-Based Authentication & how to SSH *Without a Password.](https://snubmonkey.com/ssh-key-based-authentication-how-to-ssh-without-a-password.md) - So how do you remotely connect to a Linux system? There are multiple available tools out there for remote logins but when it comes to Linux, SSH is the unicorn choice. The Secure Shell (SSH) is a protocol that /provides a secure encrypted connection between two hosts over an insecure network. It's…
- [Difference between apt upgrade, apt full-upgrade, and do-release-upgrade.](https://snubmonkey.com/difference-between-apt-upgrade-apt-full-upgrade-and-do-release-upgrade.md) - There's an apt upgrade, apt full-upgrade, and do-release-upgrade command. Whaaaaaaaaat _ Well..., don't confuse the three commands to upgrade a Debian- or Ubuntu-based machine as they do different things. Confusing _ That's why we are here for _ seat and relax, let us jump right in. apt upgrade Bef…
- [Port xxxx-already-in-use-error-    Fixed! 🛠](https://snubmonkey.com/port-xxxx-already-in-use-error-fixed.md) - This is the eighth in a series of posts featuring Protips, tips, tricks, hacks, and secrets provided by Our Team 🙊 — We want to share our top tips for the growing and thriving Linux community out there. Because sometimes you need a little help...
- [SYN-SYN-ACK and ACK 🤝](https://snubmonkey.com/syn-syn-ack.md) - Understanding TCP Flags TCP flags are used to indicate a particular state during a TCP conversation. TCP flags can be used for troubleshooting purposes or to control how a particular connection is handled. Each of them has its own significance. They initiate connections, carry data, and tear down c…
- [Monitoring Web server logs (Apache, NGINX) with Netdata using Go. (Update !!!)](https://snubmonkey.com/monitoring-update.md) - This is the seventh in a series of posts featuring Protips, tips, tricks, hacks, and secrets provided by Our Team 🙊 — We want to share our top tips for the growing and thriving Linux community out there. Because sometimes you need a little help...
- [49 Most-Used Linux Commands You Should Know.](https://snubmonkey.com/the-xx-most-used-linux-commands-you-should-know.md) - The Linux command line is a text-based computer interface. It's also known as the Shell, Terminal, Console, CLI, or Prompt, just to name a few. Any graphical user interface (GUI) is nothing more than a graphical representation of command-line applications.
- [Issue installing apache2 in Ubuntu 22.04: dpkg:- error processing package javascript-common (--configure):](https://snubmonkey.com/problem-installing-apache-2-in-ubuntu-22-04-dpkg-error-processing-package-javascript-common-configure.md) - When files in a package are modified or accidentally removed, it can damage the system. Installing the package again resolves the problem in most cases. However, using the apt install command will return an error, given that the package is already present. Here’s the error: $ sudo apt install apach…
- [How to: Use Postfix to Outbound Email as Gmail Relay on Ubuntu - 2-step verification (Update !!!)](https://snubmonkey.com/postfix-to-send-mail-using-gmail-and-google-apps-on-debian-or-ubuntu.md) - Postfix is a mail transfer agent (MTA) a software that implements Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). They transport E-Mail messages from one computer to another. MTAs talk to other MTAs, and either * deliver mail locally * or hand it off for delivery to an mail delivery agent (MDA)/LDA if it was…
- [Upgrade from Ubuntu 20.04 LTS to 22.04 LTS Server](https://snubmonkey.com/how-to-upgrade-from-ubuntu-20-04-lts-to-22-04-lts.md) - Ubuntu 22.04 is a Long-Term Support (LTS) release and will receive ongoing app updates and critical security fixes for the next five years. New Linux kernel releases and graphics driver updates are also rolled out as software updates every six months or so. Ubuntu 22.04 brings a ton of fascinating…
- [Ghost 5+ -- How to Migrate From MariaDB 10.x to MySQL 8.x](https://snubmonkey.com/how-to-migrate-from-mariadb-10-to-mysql-8.md) - This is the sixth in a series of posts featuring Protips, tips, tricks, hacks, and secrets provided by Our Team 🙊 — We want to share our top tips for the growing and thriving Linux community out there. Because sometimes you need a little help...
- [Is 256-bit SSL Encryption any Safe?](https://snubmonkey.com/is-256-bit-ssl-encryption-any-safe.md) - SSL certificates enable encrypted connections between a client and a web server via the transport layer security (TLS) protocol. Nobody can intercept a message while it’s being transmitted over an encrypted connection. Again, it does not protect your website from getting hacked.
- [Build and Install htop 3 on Ubuntu.](https://snubmonkey.com/build-and-install-htop-3-on-ubuntu.md) - Htop is a command-line utility that allows you to interactively monitor your running system’s vital resources processes in real-time which are currently managed by the Linux Kernel. It's a little bit like its counterpart 'top' but on steroids.
- [How to Enable/Disable Services on Ubuntu Systemd. (Update !!!)](https://snubmonkey.com/how-to-enable-or-disable-services-in-ubuntu-systemd.md) - Sometimes we require some services to start up automatically at boot up, such as web servers or ssh, and other times we need to terminate services that we no longer require and are eating CPU and RAM up.
- [Managing Users.](https://snubmonkey.com/managing-users.md) - Linux is a multi-user operating system, which means that several users can interact the system at the same time. As a system administrator, you are in charge of managing the system's users and groups, which includes adding and deleting users and assigning them to various groups.
- [How to Remove Packages Using the Command Line in Linux.](https://snubmonkey.com/how-to-uninstall-applications.md) - Apt The apt command is a powerful command-line tool, which works with Ubuntu’s Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) performing such functions as installing new software packages, upgrading existing software packages, updating the package, upgrading the entire Ubuntu system, and even removing packages. Lis…
- [Most Useful Nano Commands and Shortcuts.](https://snubmonkey.com/most-useful-nano-commands-and-shortcuts.md) - Working under any Linux Server involves lots and lots of files configuration. Some use Vi, Vim, or Emacs, yet powerful but somehow tedious to learn. For those who need a more simple and versatile text editor, there is nano. GNU nano is a small and friendly text editor. Besides basic text editing, n…
- [User authentication process.](https://snubmonkey.com/user-authentication-process.md) - Have you ever asked yourself how the user authentication process works? Let's jump. What is User Authentication? User authentication is a security process that covers all of the human-to-computer interactions that require the user to register and log in. Simply said, authentication asks each user:…
- [How to Remotely Reboot your Server.](https://snubmonkey.com/remotely-reboot-your-server.md) - This is the fifth in a series of posts featuring Protips, tips, tricks, hacks, and secrets provided by Our Team 🙊 — We want to share our top tips for the growing and thriving Linux community out there. Because sometimes you need a little help...

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